Messerschmitt Me 262 Schwable, the world's first jet fighter. (U.S. Air Force photo)
Guided Weapons
Another innovative concept that emerged during WWII was in-flight
guidance onto a moving target. One of the earliest examples was the
Fritz X anti-ship bomb, first deployed by the German Air Force in 1943:
An operator on the launch aircraft guided the bomb to its target using
radio control. Around the same time the U.S. Navy deployed an even more
sophisticated anti-ship bomb called the Bat, which used radar to home
isolate the target without needing a human operator. Another anti-ship
homing weapon was the Zaunkoenig torpedo, fitted to German U-boats from
1943 onward, which used underwater sound waves rather than radar to
locate the target.
British
Regulars sniping from behind a barricade of empty beer casks near the
quays in Dublin during the 1916 Easter Rising. (Photo by Hulton
Archive/Getty Images)
The
Easter Rising was one of the most important events in modern Irish
history. Many believe that it was a glorious bid for freedom and others
believed that it led to a century of political violence in the country.
Many
believe that the Easter rising meant that political violence was
acceptable and could be used in the name of Ireland. Many believe that
the example of Easter 1916, legitimizes the violence of the I.R.A. and
other nationalist groups from 1916 until today.
The Easter Rising
was carried out by a small un-elected group who claimed to be acting in
the name of Ireland. The rising has been used by many terrorist groups
to justify their campaigns of terror.
A
map featuring the names of companies set up by Mossack Fonseca, the
faces of the collectors and financiers on whose behalf they were set up,
and Amedeo Modigliani’s “Seated Man with a Cane” (1918), recently
seized following the Panama Papers leaks. (all images by Benjamin
Sutton/Hyperallergic)
Earlier this month, a cache of 11.5 million documents tracking the
wheelings and dealings of more than 210,000 shell companies set up by
Panamanian corporate services provider Mossack Fonseca began to make waves around the world. The so-called “Panama Papers” — which a mysterious source identified simply as “John Doe” began leaking to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung more than a year ago — have shed light on a secretive global network of wealth circulating undeclared and untaxed.
Armed with the Panama Papers, Süddeutsche Zeitung, the Washington, DC-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
(ICIJ), and a consortium of other news organizations have published
reports and articles offering a glimpse into a world of financial
sleight of hand that many know exist, but to which few ever gain access.
Unsurprisingly, much of the wealth at play in this shadow economy is
bound up in art.
Illustration of the Archimedes automatic wind instrumentalist (image courtesy Hatje Cantz)
In 2009, Tokyo’s Waseda University built a fedora-sporting flautist robot powered
by cranked air. But this is only the most recent attempt at a
mechanical, flute-playing musician. In the 9th century, the Banū Mūsā brothers in Baghdad wrote a treatise describing their “instrument which plays by itself.”
Cover of ‘Allah’s Automata’ (image courtesy Hatje Cantz) (click to enlarge)
This
aircraft was built in 1939 and known to have flown in the Battle of
France. In 1942 it was delivered to the Eastern Front by Arthur Mendl
whereupon it was flown by the highly decorated German Pilot
Wulf-Dietrich Widowitz (36 victories). On April 4th of 1942 Widowitz was
shot down by a Soviet lend-lease (rather, in reality “lend-keep”)
Hurricane whilst on an escort mission. Hits to his engine were followed
by a forced, near perfect, wheels-up landing on the ice of a frozen
lake. The aircraft then sank through the ice and came to rest on the
lakebed where it remained untouched until the recovery in 2003. Widowitz
died more than a year later during another crash landing.
The
base layer of paint on this aircraft is desert-sand brown, even though
this aircraft apparently never served in North Africa. There are a
number of small-caliber projectile holes in the wings (I presume .30
cal.), some of which entered the wings from above and behind at a very
low angle. At least one .30-cal. hole fired from directly below is in
the right horizontal stabilizer (shown in the accompanying photos),
suggesting that this aircraft also took small-arms fire from the ground.
There is what appears to be a very large cannon-projectile hole in the
right wing root, fired from above and behind. This may have been the
coup-de-gras that took this airplane down. April, 4, 1942 was definitely
not a real good day for pilot Wulf-Dietrich source:
Loie Fuller was an American dancer who was a pioneer of both modern dance and theatrical lighting techniques.Born Marie Louise Fuller
in the Chicago suburb of Fullersburg, now Hinsdale, Illinois, Fuller
began her theatrical career as a professional child actress and later
choreographed and performed dances inburlesque (as a skirt dancer),
vaudeville, and circus shows. An early free dance practitioner, Fuller
developed her own natural movement and improvisation techniques. Fuller
combined her choreography with silk costumes illuminated by
multi-coloured lighting of her own design.
Loie Fuller (1862-1928) programme cover, Concerts Colonne directed by Gabriel Pierné, Paris, 1914.Source
Source: Source Library of congressAlthough Fuller became famous in America through works such as the serpentine dance
(1891), she felt that she was not taken seriously by the public who
still thought of her as an actress. Her warm reception in Paris during a
European tour persuaded Fuller to remain in France and continue her
work. A regular performer at the Folies Bergère with works such as Fire Dance, Fuller became the embodiment of the Art Nouveau movement. An 1896 film of the Serpentine Dance[1]
by the pioneering film-makers Auguste and Louis Lumière gives a hint of
what her performance was like. (The unknown dancer in the film is often
mistakenly identified as Fuller herself.)Fuller’s pioneering work
attracted the attention, respect, and friendship of many French artists
and scientists, including Jules Chéret, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,
François-Raoul Larche, Henri-Pierre Roché, Auguste Rodin, Franz von
Stuck, Maurice Denis, Thomas Theodor Heine, Koloman Moser, Demetre
Chiparus, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Marie Curie
Ο τραγουδοποιός Μάνος Ξυδούς γεννήθηκε στις 15 Μαΐου του 1953 στους Αγίους Αναργύρους, από πατέρα Μήλειο και μητέρα Κρητικιά.
Η
πρώτη του επαφή με τη μουσική ήταν στα νεανικά του χρόνια, όταν έπιασε
δουλειά ως κλητήρας στην τότε Columbia στη Ριζούπολη. Μετά την
αποφοίτησή του από το σχολείο έδωσε εξετάσεις και πέρασε στην Ανωτάτη
Σχολή Οικονομικών Επιστημών και όταν τελείωσε τη σχολή σπούδασε
marketing. Η μουσική όμως κυλούσε στις φλέβες του, γι’ αυτό και
παράλληλα με τις σπουδές του δούλευε ως DJ στις «Καρυάτιδες» της Πλάκας.
Γερμανός
ποιητής, πεζογράφος, θεατρικός συγγραφέας, γλύπτης και γραφίστας, η
φωνή της μεταπολεμικής Γερμανίας, όπως αποκαλείται. Θεωρείται μία από
τις σημαντικότερες προσωπικότητες της γερμανόφωνης λογοτεχνίας,
βραβευμένος με Νόμπελ το 1999.
Ο Γκίντερ Γκρας (Gunter Grass) γεννήθηκε στο Ντάντσιχ (σημερινό Γκντανσκ της Πολωνίας) στις 16 Οκτωβρίου
του 1927 από γερμανό πατέρα και πολωνή μητέρα. Μαθητής Γυμνασίου τη
δεκαετία του ’30 εισέρχεται στη νεολαία του Ναζιστικού Κόμματος.
Στρατεύεται στα 16 του και τραυματίζεται σε μάχη το 1945, λίγο πριν από
την παράδοση του Γ’ Ράιχ.
Νομομαθής, πανεπιστημιακός δάσκαλος και πολιτικός, που διατέλεσε για μικρό διάστημα και πρωθυπουργός.Γεννήθηκε
το 1876 στην Αθήνα και σπούδασε νομικά στα Πανεπιστήμια Αθηνών και
Μονάχου. Επέστρεψε στην Αθήνα το 1900 και άρχισε να δικηγορεί. Το 1904
ανακηρύχθηκε υφηγητής του Ρωμαϊκού Δικαίου στο Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, όπου δίδαξε επί τετραετία.
Πολιτεύτηκε
για πρώτη φορά μετά το στρατιωτικό κίνημα του 1909 με το κόμμα των
Φιλελευθέρων και εξελέγη βουλευτής Αττικοβοιωτίας το 1910 και το 1912.
Το 1911 διορίσθηκε μέλος της Επιτροπής για τη σύνταξη του Αστικού Κώδικα
και συνέβαλε σε μεγάλο βαθμό στη διαμόρφωσή του. Από τις 9 Νοεμβρίου
1913 έως τις 9 Νοεμβρίου 1914 διατέλεσε Υπουργός Ναυτικών στην
κυβέρνηση του Ελευθέριου Βενιζέλου. Η λήξη της θητείας του σήμανε και
την αποχώρησή του από το Κόμμα των Φιλελευθέρων, λόγω διαφωνίας.
Η πλήρης έκδοση της ημερομηνίας αυτής περιλαμβάνει 99 Γεγονότα, 33 Γεννήσεις και 25 Θανάτους.
Για να δείτε την πλήρη έκδοση ή να ενεργοποιήσετε τα φίλτρα θα πρέπει πρώτα να συνδεθείτε.
Δεν είστε ακόμα συνδρομητής; Μάθετε περισσότερα!
H Πλήρης Έκδοση διατίθεται και ως eBook στο Κατάστημα!
μ. Χ.
1822
Οι
πολιορκημένοι από τους Τούρκους στον πύργο του Ζαφειράκη στη Νάουσα
πραγματοποιούν ηρωική έξοδο. 13 κορίτσια της Νάουσας, μανάδες και
παιδιά, συγκεντρώνονται στη γέφυρα της Αραπίτσας και ρίχνονται στον
καταρράκτη, επαναλαμβάνοντας το χορό του Ζαλόγγου.
Airstrikes, like this one on Kobani, Syria, in 2014, have killed thousands of Islamic State fighters in Iraq and Syria.Credit
Sedat Suna/European Pressphoto Agency
WASHINGTON
— American airstrikes have killed 25,000 Islamic State fighters in Iraq
and Syria and incinerated millions of dollars plundered by the
militants, according to Pentagon officials.
Iraqi and Kurdish forces have taken back 40 percent of the militant group’s land in Iraq, the officials say, and forces backed by the West have seized a sizable amount of territory in Syria that had been controlled by the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL.
Ακριβώς πριν από 55 χρόνια ο Γκαγκάριν άνοιξε τον δρόμο για τ’ αστέρια
Γράφει ο Γρηγόρης Τραγγανίδας
Ακριβώς πριν 55 χρόνια, στις 12 Απρίλη του 1961, η ανθρωπότητα έκανε το σημαντικότερο βήμα της για την εξερεύνηση του διαστήματος. Ενας 27χρονος Σοβιετικός πιλότος, ο Γιούρι Γκαγκάριν, θα γινόταν ο πρώτος κοσμοναύτης της πατρίδας του και όλου του κόσμου, αφού ήταν ο πρώτος άνθρωπος που θα έβλεπε την Γη από τροχιά.
Αυτά τα 108 λεπτά που κράτησε η διαστημική πτήση του επανδρωμένου διαστημοπλοίου,«Βοστόκ – 1»,
θα αποτελούν για πάντα ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα επιστημονικά επιτεύγματα
του 20ού αιώνα, όπως και όλων των εποχών, αλλά και μια από τις
σπουδαιότερες επιστημονικές προσφορές της Σοβιετικής Ενωσης και του σοσιαλισμού στην παγκόσμια πρόοδο.
A fascinating new archaeological discovery alludes to how
northern Israel was history’s original ‘Silicon Valley’. In an
excavation conducted by Israel Antiquities Authority, the researchers
came across large Roman-era glass production kilns in an area east of
Haifa. These kilns date from around 4th century AD (corresponding to the
late Roman Empire era), thus making them the oldest glassworks ever
found in Israel. In essence, the discovery pretty much proves how
ancient Judaea was one of the major glass production areas in the
ancient times. And interestingly enough, this site lies in proximity to
the Khirbet ‘Asafna, another zone that was known to have antediluvian workshops for manufacturing glass vessels.
Yael Gorin-Rosen, head curator of the Israel Antiquities Authority Glass Department, said –
We have talked about the Great Pyramid of Giza,
and how the massive structure has baffled historians throughout the
ages by not only its size but also by its abstruse construction process.
But as it turns out, in the ancient times, pyramids were not only
limited to the African continent – as is evident from the still existing
Pyramid of Cestius. Presumed to be built between 18 and 12 BC, the
structure (situated along the Via Ostiensis in Rome) was
erected during the reign of the famed Augustus. As for its size, the
monument being certainly dwarfed by the Egyptian pyramids, is still
substantially imposing – with a square base of 29.5 m (around 97 ft) on
all sides, and a height of 36.4 m (around 120 ft).
Spectacular cavalry battles are to be restaged as part of an ambitious six-month exhibition
Roman imperial cavalrymen reconstructed.
Photograph: www.comitatus.net.
The popular image of a Roman soldier is of an infantryman armed with
sword and shield, marching in formation down one of the arrow-straight
roads of the empire. But leading archaeologists, historians and heritage
groups are now planning an exhibition to pay tribute to an unsung
section of the mightiest army of the ancient world – its cavalry.
Next year, between April and September, the world’s largest-ever
re-enactment of Roman cavalry battles will take place along Hadrian’s
Wall. The war games will form part of an ambitious six-month exhibition,
Hadrian and His Cavalry, bringing together treasures from
worldwide public and private collections that have been lent to 10
museums and heritage sites along the wall. These will include the
magnificent cavalry helmets and richly ornate armour that made Hadrian’s
equestrian troops an awe-inspiring sight.
Organisers hope to challenge the assumption that foot
soldiers dominated the frontier garrisons and to demonstrate the key
role played by the cavalry in projecting the power of Imperial Rome. Bill Griffiths,
head of programmes for Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums and chair
of the project steering group, described the cavalry’s armour as “shiny
and showy”. “It’s bling. Hadrian’s cavalry was a showy part of the
army, more highly decorated than the infantry’s equipment. Think of the
horseguards [today]. It’s very much in that vein of looking the part.” Dr Jon Coulston
of the University of St Andrews, a leading academic on military
equipment and the Roman army, said: “The objects are to die for –
visually gorgeous. The Roman army is probably the sexiest area of Roman
archaeology as far the public is concerned.”
As emperor between AD117 and 138, Hadrian focused his energy on
consolidating the empire, strengthening the frontiers’ defence rather
than pursuing further conquests. On a visit to Britain in 122, he
ordered the construction of the coast-to-coast defensive barrier that
became one of Britain’s most famous landmarks. His wall, made of stone
and turf was up to 4m tall and 3m thick, with watchtowers every third of
a mile, and spanned 73 miles from Wallsend (Segedunum) on the Tyne in
the east, to Bowness on the Solway Firth in the west.
A series of forts along the wall, half a day’s march apart, could house up to 1,000 men. Wooden tablets recovered from Vindolanda,
a frontline fort, record details of daily life and the practicalities
of keeping the “wretched little Britons” in order. One soldier received a
package from home with a note: “I have sent you … socks … two pairs of
sandals and two pairs of underpants.”
The cavalry was well-fed, dining on venison and oysters washed down
with beer and wine. An excavation at Segedunum discovered that cavalry
horses were stabled next to the troopers in customised barrack blocks.
The re-enactment will be based on eulogies from Hadrian himself and
from Arrian, the governor of Cappadocia, in modern Turkey. In one
speech, Hadrian said of his cavalry: “You shot stones from slings and
fought with javelins; everywhere you jumped nimbly on to your horses.”
Arrian wrote: “From the helmets hang plumes of yellow hair, not for
any practical purpose but to make a fine show. When the horses charge,
if there happens to be even a slight breeze, they present a splendid
spectacle.” He described training exercises in which horsemen hurled
javelins at “target” teams of men and horses in protective armour.
While re-enactment societies are increasing in popularity worldwide,
with various companies in India manufacturing Roman military equipment,
there is a serious academic side to these exercises, said Coulston.
“It’s not boys and their toys. It’s about technology, economy,
metallurgy, culture, art history. Most of the showy stuff was practical.
It made them distinctive on the battlefield. If they did something
brave, they would be instantly recognised and get military decorations.
That was all part of the ethos of achievement and attainment.” Their
bravery was often recorded on their gravestones.
The
re-enactments will also provide unique insights into the training and
tactics of the Roman cavalry, such as the design of cavalry saddles,
which enabled cavalrymen to lean out to the side with a long sword or
spear or to shoot in any direction with a bow.
Griffiths said: “This is a great archaeological experiment, and fun.”
Coulston spoke to the Observer ahead of a major Roman military equipment conference, entitled Cavalry in the Roman World,
which takes place this June in St Andrews. Archaeologists, military
historians and classicists are among around 50 speakers. There will also
be a small re-enactment, with armoured cavalry and horse-archery
displays. • This article was amended on 11 April 2016 to remove a reference to Roman infantrymen as toga-clad.
This
vast map covers just about all possible tribes that were documented in
the first centuries BC and AD, mostly by the Romans and Greeks. Some
migration was involved during this time, and some tribal divisions too,
so there may be a…
The Stuka got its nickname from the German word Sturzkampfflugzeug or dive-bomber, the official designation was Junkers Ju-87. The first plane that would be recognized as a Stuka flew in 1936 and the plane was blooded in the Spanish Civil War. Between 1936 and Aug 1944, more than 6,000 Stuka bombers were built in 5 variants: A-G
The
Roman Republic was a magnificent entity. It had its problems, as all
governments do, but the men served it proudly and it took many decades
before power was continually seized by the likes of Sulla and Caesar.
The Republic’s heyday was during and just after the second Punic War,
taking advantage of the experiences gained to conquer more of the
Mediterranean. This great success was largely due to an earlier set of
epic wars, much closer to home for the Romans. These were the Samnite
Wars of 343-290 BCE.
Rome’s
position prior to the Samnite Wars is almost laughable. They had fairly
recently conquered their great rival city of Veii, less than ten miles
away. They had expanded after that, taking down the Latin League and
extended south down the coast.
The
Battle of Monte Cassino was a costly series of four assaults by the
Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by Axis forces during the
Italian Campaign of World War II. The intention was a breakthrough to
Rome.
The official blog of the English Civil War re-enactment group! Visit our website at www.earlofmanchesters.co.uk
This is a matchlock musket.
Doesn’t look like much? Well, technically it’s not – it’s essentially
a tube with a small hole at one end and a big hole at the other. But
this simple piece of steel and wood changed the face of warfare forever.
The musket is quite a basic weapon, but the process of loading and
firing it was slow and dangerous. At the bottom of the barrel, a small
hole lead to a ‘pan’, into which a small amount of gunpowder is poured.
More gunpowder is then poured down the barrel, followed by paper wadding
and a round lead musketball. These are compacted together using a long
stick called a scouring stick, compressing the gunpowder so that it
explodes with more force when ignited. Thin rope called match cord,
impregnated with saltpetre (potassium nitrate) so that it burnt very
slowly, is attached to the ‘serpent’ on the side of the barrel; this is
connected to the trigger. When the trigger is pulled, it dips the
burning match cord into the gunpowder in the pan, which in turns burns
through the small hole and ignites the gunpowder in the barrel.
Is it a footballer? Is it an MP?
No… it’s a Superinjunction!
Yes, the infamous writ of Shut-The-Hell-Up is back. Someone’s been bad. But because they’re rich we’re not, repeat not, allowed to talk about it. Unless we’re in Parliament, or Scotland, or anywhere in the world part from England and Wales.
The superinjunction is a fascinating concept. Setting aside the legal
and moral questions, it’s fundamentally aimed at preventing someone’s
shame and embarrassment. It’s a startling reminder that we’re not that
different to those who came before us. Public shame is a powerful tool, as it always has been.
In fact, lots of the terms we use for this sordid world of
embarrassment come from our past. Those who misbehave are ‘pilloried’.
Twitter mobs – like the revolting peasants of old – reach for their
‘pitchforks’. We have ‘witch-hunts’.
War
tends to favor those with initiative and ingenuity and for Victoria
Cross recipient Bill Speakman, he would evidently possess both. Some
might think when a human wave of Chinese soldiers came rushing at your
position that it is a good time to dig in and fight defensively.
Private Bill Speakman thought it an opportunity to charge.
One
might think when the ammunition has run out that it is a good time to
retreat. Private Bill Speakman thought it an opportunity to pick up
empty beer bottles and hurl them as weapons. And for his actions in
Korea in 1951, bottle throwing Private Bill Speakman would be awarded
the Victoria Cross.
The
heyday for pedal cars in the United States occurred between the World
Wars. For example, pedal cars were fixtures in Sears catalogs.
Unfortunately, they could only be sent to customers who lived near
railroad tracks because mailing a steel car, even a small one, was
simply not possible. Other companies that made pedal cars in the ’20s
and ’30s included American National Automobiles of Toledo and Steelcraft
of Murray, both based in Ohio.
Among
other products, Steelcraft made GMC pedal trucks, as well as Mack
dumptrucks, Model T Roadsters, Dodge Runabouts, and a Chrysler Roadster,
which had bullet-shaped headlights and rubber tires. Steelcraft’s Chrysler was 50-inches long, and could be yours for only $31.50.
Here are the numbers that tell you everything you need to know about D-Day. 2 Mulberry Harbours:
A raid on Dieppe had taught the British that a defended port town would
be hard to capture, so instead they created two prefabricated harbours
from massive hollow concrete blocks. These were floated across the
Channel and used to create artificial harbours at the landing sites,
allowing supplies and troops to be landed.
By George. E. Georgas, fencing coach, Pammachon Hellenic Martial
Art Instructor, and Research Scholar for the Meyer Freifechter Guild.
I thank my student and member of the Academy of Historical European
Martial Arts ‘Leontes’, Mr. Aggelos Pilidis for his translation from
Greek to English language
In previous articles I have proven with evidence taken both from
historical sources and from works of art that, during the Renaissance,
the Greek (and Albanian ) Stratioti were serving under European armies,
like those of the Most Serene Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman
Empire of the German Nation. These poor, strange soldiers were so
popular that they ended up having great impact on the martial arts of
their employers.
The coat of Arms of the Freifechter Guild
I was also under the suspicion that the Greek mercenaries that were
serving the German empire had come in contact with the German fighting
guilds and brotherhoods. I first had this thought reading the books of
the last Master of Arms that followed the teachings of Liechtenauer. He
mentioned that in his travels he had met and trained under some foreign,
exotic warriors. I am of course referring to the Master of Arms and
Freifechter Joachim Meyer.
The
B-52 bomber has been America’s most well-known, revered, and feared
aircraft of the last 60 years and is still going strong. The bomber has
served in U.S. military operations from the Vietnam War to the most
recent war in Afghanistan, and the US Air Force has plans to keep her
flying for another 20 years.
It
is nothing short of a miracle that the B-52, originally manufactured in
the 1950s, can keep flying and stay relevant against modern technology
such as drones and stealth jets
Germany
has held many secrets since the end of World War II. A file that has
been untouched for nearly six decades has finally been opened and it
reveals some interesting facts.
The
documents show that there were nearly 2,000 former German officers –
veterans of the Nazi Wehrmacht or the Waffen-SS – who tried to put
together an army in postwar Germany in 1949. Those men had made
preparations without any mandates from the German government. The
parliament didn’t even know about these plans for a postwar army.
Many people tend to (misleadingly) identify the Bible as a single
book; whereas it actually encompasses a compilation of sacred texts
from both Judaism and Christianity. Simply put, from the historical
perspective, Bible consists of a collection of scriptures that were not
only composed by different authors, but were created at different time
periods in different geographical locations. Now beyond the multifarious
‘scope’ of the Bible, there has always been a debate on when the first
batch of these sacred texts was composed – with some scholars leaning
towards the hypothesis that they were created after the destruction of
Jerusalem (Judah’s capital city) in 586 BC, by Babylonian
king Nebuchadnezzar. But a new research, aided by advanced
technological ambit, has shed light into how the literacy level of Judah
was relatively high even during early 6th century BC. In essence, this
discovery alludes to how some of the earlier texts of the Torah (part of
the Old Testament) were possibly conceived just before the baleful
event when Jerusalem was sacked and its inhabitants were exiled, in 586
BC.
The pertinent connection to relatively high levels of literacy in
(very) early 6th century BC was found in a series of correspondence
between military forces of Judah. The scope pertains to around 16
inscriptions found inside the desert fortress of Arad, which was located
west of Dead Sea. These inscriptions comprised ceramic shards that were
etched with ink script, and all of them were dated from around 600 BC.
Better known as ostraca (pictured below), such shard-inscribed
forms of communication were pretty common during that period of time. As
for their content, the writings involved simple military-oriented stuff
– with commands relating to provision of wine and food, along with the
movement of troops. Here are two examples –
Beautiful Vintage “Kidillac” 
